EFFECTORS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Signals are, transmitted from the respiratory center to the chest bellows apparatus by (1) the phrenic nerves, which supply the diaphragm, (2) the intercostal nerves, which innervate the intercostal and abdominal muscles, (3) the accessory cranial nerves, which supply the sternomastoid muscles, and (4) the lower cervical nerves, which supply the scalene muscles. In addition, a variety of muscles acting on the soft palate, tongue, and hydid bone maintain upper airway patency and offset the collapsing effect of the negative pressures generated by the respiratory muscles. During wakefulness, both the upper airway and chest wall muscles display rhythmic inspiratory activity. During sleep, upper airway muscle activity wanes, whereas diaphragmatic activation changes little.
- GRANULOMATOUS LIVER DISEASE
- THE BLOOD VESSELS STRUCTURE
- THE APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE
- ADAPTATION TO NEPHRON LOSS
- AV JUNCTIONAL RHYTHM DISTURBANCES
- Renal Artery Occlusion
- ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
- PERICARDIAL EFFUSIOH
- DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH MALABSORPTION
- CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF JAUNDICE
- CARCINOMA OF THE PANCREAS - Diagnosis
- OTHER THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
- HHSC Legislative Appropriations Request (LAR)
- Urolithiasis
- MYOCARDIAL METABOLISM
- RISK FACTORS
- DRUG-ASSOCIATED RENAL INJURY
- THE ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME
- ATRIAL RHYTHM DISTURBANCES
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO EXERCISE
- Multiple Myeloma
- Clinical Manifestations
- MISCELLANEOUS AORTIC DISEASE
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Liddle’s Syndrome
- NORMAL GASTRIC PHYSIOLOGY
- PERFUSION
- Diagnosis
- Cardiovascular
- TESTS OF HEPATIC FUNCTION
- MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
- CARDIAC TRAUMA
- MANAGEMENT OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
- PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION