NORMAL ESOPHAGEAL PHYSIOLOGY
The esophagus serves a single function: conveying solids and liquids from the mouth to the stomach while preventing aspiration and movement of gastric contents in the opposite direction (gastroesophageal reflux). Swallowing is a complex and well-coordinated motor activity that includes (1) movement of a food bolus into the pharynx concomitant with protection of the airway,
(2) relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter,(3) initiation and distal propagation of peristaltic contractions by the esophageal muscle, and (4) retaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. After passage of the food bolus, the lower esophageal sphincter reestablishes a tonic contraction, thereby preventing regurgitation of gastric contents.
- COMMON PRESENTING COMPLAINTS
- ATRIAL RHYTHM DISTURBANCES
- Classification or Glomerular Diseases
- Medicaid Reform Project
- Laparoscopy
- CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO EXERCISE
- Initial Assessment
- Pulmonary Hemorrhagic Disorders
- DROWNING AND NEAR-DROWNING
- Outcomes of Dialysis
- Pulmonary System
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- THE SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME
- ACUTE PANCREATITIS
- The Use of Diuretics
- Management
- TREATMENT
- Sigmoidoscopy and Colonoscopy
- Indications for Dialysis and Adequacy of Dialysis
- CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY DURING PREGNANCY - ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
- ADAPTATION TO NEPHRON LOSS
- Important NEPHROTOXIRIS
- Acid-Base Abnormalities
- New Eligibility System
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- VASCULAR DISEASE OF THE LIVER
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Treatment and Prognosis
- TREATMENT
- Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- LABORATORY TESTS OF LIVER FUNCTION AND DISEASE
- CHROMIC PANCREATITIS
- Renal Venous Occlusion
- ARRHYTHMIAS in ACUTE MYOCARDIAL MFARCTION
- NONPULMONARY FACTORS