SPECIFIC MANIFESTATIONS OF RENAL DISEASE



This section reviews the approach to the patient with specific manifestations of renal disease such as proteinuria, hematuria, pyuria, or azotemia. The evaluation of all such patients includes a de­tailed history and physical examination, a urin­alysis, and determination of the serum concen­tration of creatinine, urea nitrogen, and electrolytes. A timed collection of urine for cal­culation of the creatinine clearance and rate of protein excretion is often helpful. Other studies, including anatomical imaging of the urinary tract or renal biopsy, may be indicated.