Uremic Osteodystrophy
The development of bone disease is universal in patients with renal disease. Clinical manifestation varies widely, ranging from only laboratory abnormalities (elevated alkaline phosphatase) or radiographic findings to severe and disabling bone pain and fractures. Three distinctive metabolic bone diseases occur in association with ESRD. Although all are present to a variable degree, one subtype may dominate the clinical picture. Hyperparathyroidism is universal in ESRD; the bone manifestations are the development of osteitis fibrosa cystica. In advanced renal disease, there is a failure to convert vitamin D to its active metabolite, l,25(OH)2 vitamin D and, as a consequence, rickets or osteomalacia develops. In addition, recent evidence indicates that the accumulation of aluminum metabolites in bone results in a form of vitamin D-resistant rickets. Owing to a variety of factors, including sustained acidosis and poor nutrition, osteoporosis is common.
- FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF LOSS OF NEPHRONS
- APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH RENAL DISEASE
- DROWNING AND NEAR-DROWNING
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- CYSTIC FIBROSIS
- Treatment and Prognosis
- Cardiovascular
- SYNCOPE
- EFFECTORS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Endocrine and Other Considerations
- Classification or Glomerular Diseases
- Hepatic Diseases
- ANTIBIOTICS
- LABORATORY TESTS TOR BILIRUBIN
- Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
- RAYNAUD’S PHENOMENON
- Treatment
- CARDIAC DEVELOPMENT
- THE FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS SYNDROMES
- Uremic Osteodystrophy
- Phosphate Balance
- Hematopoietic System
- CLASSIFICATION OF THE MALABSORPTION SYNDROMES
- CHIP Perinatal Coverage
- Therapy
- MULTISYSTEM DISEASE WITH RENAL INVOLVEMENT
- APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN
- VASCULAR DISEASE OF THE LIVER
- Minimal Change Nephropathy
- Anatomical Imaging of the Urinary
- Tocainide
- DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND THEIR INDICATIONS - IMAGING PROCEDURES
- THE BLOOD VESSELS STRUCTURE
- Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation of the Patient